Nasal nalbuphine analgesia in prehospital trauma managed by first-responder personnel on ski slopes in Switzerland: an observational cohort study

Abstract Background Pain is one of the major symptoms complained about by patients in prehospital setting, especially case trauma. When there mountainous topography, as Switzerland, may be a time delay between injury and arrival professional rescuers, particular on ski slopes. Administration safe opioid first responders improve overall treatment. We therefore assessed administration nasal nalbuphine an analgesic treatment for trauma Switzerland. Methods This observational cohort study examined 267 who were treated with six resorts All instructed to begin assessing feasibility using treat pain patient. A algorithm was developed distributed assure that only administered following strict protocol. Data regarding scores reduction after collected on-site. Refills handed out return each completed questionnaire. Results Nalbuphine provided effective relief, median level numeric rating scale reduced 3 units average, from 8 points ( p < 0.001). The multivariate regression model showed more pronounced higher initial levels. adolsecents than aged 20 60 years = 0.006). No side effects observed. Conclusion Nasal presumably noninvasive management strategy acutely injured setting. alternative, severe prolonged EMS/HEMS personnel scene.